thumb|right|300px|[[May 13: Grand pensionary Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague]]
Events
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January– March
- January 12 – James I of England's Banqueting House, Whitehall in London is destroyed by fire. Inigo Jones is commissioned to design a replacement.
- February 14 – Earthquake flattens the town of Trujillo, Peru, killing hundreds in the town and causing landslides in the surrounding countryside killing hundreds more.
- March 20 – Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor dies, leaving the Holy Roman Empire without an official leader, to deal with the Bohemian Revolt.
April–June
- April 18 – Battle of Sarhu: Manchu leader Nurhaci is victorious over the Ming forces.
- May 8 – The Synod of Dort has its final meeting.
- May 13
- Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague, after having been convicted of treason.
- Anne of Denmark, queen consort of England, is buried at Westminster Abbey.
- May 30 – Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, conquers Jayakarta, and renames it Batavia.
- June 10 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Sablat: Protestant forces are defeated.
- June 21 – Dulwich College founded by Edward Alleyn, in Dulwich, London.
July–September
- July 30 – In Jamestown, Virginia, the first English-speaking representative assembly in the Americas, the Virginia General Assembly (later named House of Burgesses), convenes for the first time.
- August 5 – Thirty Years' War: Battle of Věstonice – Bohemian forces defeat the Austrians.
- August 10 – The Treaty of Angoulême ends the French civil war between Louis XIII and his mother, Marie de' Medici.
- August 20 – A group of "twenty and odd" enslaved Africans, onboard the privateer ship White Lion (the first in the state of Virginia), are landed at Point Comfort in colonial Virginia.
- August 26 – Frederick V of the Palatinate is elected King of Bohemia by the states of the Bohemian Confederacy.
- August 28 – Ferdinand II, Archduke of Austria and King of Bohemia, is elected Holy Roman Emperor unanimously by the prince-electors.
- September 5 – In the course of a revolt against the Habsburg Empire, Prince Gabriel Bethlen of Transylvania (now in Romania) conquers Kassa (now Košice in Slovakia) with the help of George I Rákóczi.
- September 7 – Gaj Singh Rathore becomes the new Raja of Marwar (within the Mughal Empire) at Jodhpur in what is now the Indian state of Rajasthan, succeeding his father, Sur Singh.
- September 9 – The coronation of Ferdinand II takes place in Vienna.
- September 18 (7 Thout 1336 on the Coptic calendar) – Abba Yoannis El-Mallawany of Egypt becomes the new head of the Coptic Christian Church as Pope John XV of Alexandria succeeding the late Pope Mark V, who died on September 11.
October–December
- October 8 – Thirty Years' War – The Treaty of Munich is signed by Ferdinand II and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.
- November 10 – While stationed along the Danube river with Bavarian troops, René Descartes, according to his biographer Adrien Baillet, has a series of dreams giving him the idea of applying the mathematical method to philosophy.
- November 16 – William Parker School, Hastings, England, is founded by the will of Reverend William Parker.
- November 23 – Thirty Years' War– Battle of Humenné: Polish Lisowczycy troops assist the Holy Roman Emperor by defeating a Transylvanian force, forcing Gabor Bethlen to raise his siege of Vienna.
- December 4 – Thirty-eight colonists from England disembark in Berkeley Hundred, Virginia from the Margaret of Bristol and have a day of celebration to give thanks to God, in what is considered by some historians to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas.
Date unknown
- Jahangir grants a British mission important commercial concessions at Surat, on the west coast of India.
- Salé Rovers declare the port of Salé on the Barbary Coast to be the Republic of Salé, independent of the Sultan of Morocco, with the Dutch-born corsair Jan Janszoon as president.
- The Danish–Dutch whaling settlement of Smeerenburg is founded in Svalbard.
- An expedition in Sri Lanka, led by Filipe de Oliveira, deposes and executes the last Jaffna king (Cankili II), putting an end to the Jaffna Kingdom.
- A Spanish expedition sails around Tierra del Fuego, mapping the coast and discovering the Diego Ramírez Islands.</onlyinclude>
Births
thumb|right|110px|[[Charles Le Brun]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Peter Mews]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Anna Sophia I, Abbess of Quedlinburg]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Jan van Riebeeck]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Carel van Savoyen]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Rijcklof van Goens]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Anne Geneviève de Bourbon]]
January–March
- January 10 – Philip Sidney, 3rd Earl of Leicester, English politician (d. 1698)
- January 14
- Thomas Archer, English politician (d. 1685)
- Alexander von Spaen, German general (d. 1692)
- January 17 – Johanna Elisabeth of Nassau-Hadamar, by marriage Princess of Anhalt-Harzgerode (d. 1647)
- January 21
- Anders Bording, Danish writer (d. 1677)
- John Rashleigh, English politician (d. 1693)
- January 24 – Yamazaki Ansai, Japanese philosopher (d. 1682)
- January 30 – Michelangelo Ricci, Roman Catholic cardinal, mathematician (d. 1682)
- February 1 – Robert Phelips, English politician (d. 1707)
- February 2 – Walter Charleton, English natural philosopher (d. 1707)
- February 9 – Queen Inseon, Korean royal consort (d. 1674)
- February 15 – Tsugaru Nobuyoshi, Japanese daimyō (d. 1655)
- February 24
- Robert Aske, merchant in the City of London (d. 1689)
- Charles Le Brun, French painter and art theorist (d. 1690)
- February 26 – Francesco Morosini, Doge of Venice from 1688 to 1694 (d. 1694)
- February 28 – Giuseppe Felice Tosi, Italian composer (d. 1693)
- March 2 – Marcantonio Giustinian, 107th Doge of Venice (d. 1688)
- March 5 – Joseph Ames, English naval commander (d. 1695)
- March 6 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier and poet (d. 1655)
- March 13 – Tobias Lohner, Austrian Jesuit theologian (d. 1697)
- March 15 – Jean Le Vacher, French Lazarist missionary and French consul (d. 1683)
- March 20 – Georg Albrecht, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth-Kulmbach (d. 1666)
- March 25 – Peter Mews, English Royalist theologian and bishop (d. 1706)
- March 28 – Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz (1657–1681) (d. 1681)
April–June
- April 2
- Onofrio Gabrieli, Italian painter (d. 1706)
- Anna Sophia I, Abbess of Quedlinburg, Dutch abbess (d. 1680)
- April 11 – Abraham van der Hulst, Dutch admiral (d. 1666)
- April 20 – Geoffrey Shakerley, English politician (d. 1696)
- April 21 – Jan van Riebeeck, Dutch founder of Cape Town (d. 1677)
- April 30 – Johannes Spilberg, Dutch painter (d. 1690)
- May
- James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair, Scottish lawyer and statesman (d. 1695)
- André Félibien, French court historian (d. 1695)
- Andrew Ramsay, Lord Abbotshall, Scottish judge and politician (d. 1688)
- May 20 – Abiezer Coppe, English "Ranter" and pamphleteer (d. 1672)
- May 24 (bapt.) – Philips Wouwerman, Dutch painter (d. 1668)
- May 26 – King Pye Min of Burma (d. 1672)
- June 13 – Jan Victors, Dutch painter (d. 1676)
- June 14 (bapt.) – Sir Jeffrey Hudson, English court dwarf (d. 1682)
- June 24 – Rijcklof van Goens, Dutch colonial governor (d. 1682)
July–September
- July 3 – Hyojong of Joseon, 17th king of the Joseon Dynasty of Korea (1649–1659) (d. 1659)
- July 13 – Birgitta Durell, Swedish industrialist (d. 1683)
- July 27 – Sir Henry Felton, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1690)
- August 5 – Thomas Hall, English politician (d. 1667)
- August 6 – Barbara Strozzi, Italian singer and composer (d. 1677)
- August 7 – Anna Catherine Constance Vasa, Polish princess, daughter of King Sigismund III Vasa (d. 1651)
- August 15
- Francesco Maria Farnese, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1647)
- Hubertus Quellinus, Flemish artist (d. 1687)
- August 21 – Sir John Borlase, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1672)
- August 28
- Anne Geneviève de Bourbon, French princess who is remembered for her beauty and amours (d. 1679)
- Louis Thomassin, French bishop and theologian (d. 1695)
- August 29 – Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French minister of finance (d. 1683)
- September 20 – Sophie Elisabeth Pentz, daughter of Christian IV of Denmark (d. 1657)
- September 21 – Sir John Wray, 3rd Baronet, English politician (d. 1664)
October–December
- October 8 – Philipp von Zesen, German poet (d. 1689)
- October 10
- Josias Calmady, English Member of Parliament (d. 1683)
- Princess Elisabeth Sophie of Saxe-Altenburg, German princess (d. 1680)
- October 14 – Sir John Bright, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1688)
- October 16 – Johann Friedrich König, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1664)
- October 18 – Jean Armand de Maillé-Brézé, French admiral (d. 1646)
- October 27 – Frederick Louis, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken (d. 1681)
- November 5 – Philips Koninck, Dutch painter (d. 1688)
- November 7 – Gédéon Tallemant des Réaux, French writer known for his Historiettes (d. 1692)
- November 14 – Thomas Howard, 3rd Earl of Berkshire, English politician, earl (d. 1706)
- November 25 – Henry Mildmay, English politician (d. 1692)
- December 10 – Thomas Dyke, English politician (d. 1669)
- December 13 – Andrij Savka, Lemko bandit (d. 1661)
- December 17 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Bohemian-born Royalist commander in the English Civil War (d. 1682)
- December 28 – Antoine Furetière, French writer (d. 1688)
- December 31
- John Fitzjames, English politician (d. 1670)
- Sylvester Maurus, Italian Jesuit theologian (d. 1687)
Date unknown
- Donald Cargill, Scottish Covenanter (d. 1681)
- Gu Mei, politically influential Chinese Gējì, poet and painter (d. 1664)
- Samuel Collins, English doctor and author (d. 1670)
- Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 8th Duke of Alburquerque, Spanish military officer and viceroy (d. 1676)
- Willem Kalf, Dutch painter (d. 1693)
- Kumazawa Banzan, Japanese philosopher (d. 1691)
- Shalom Shabazi, Jewish Yemeni rabbi and poet (d. c. 1720)
- Wang Fuzhi, Chinese philosopher (d. 1692)
Deaths
thumb|right|110px|[[Lucilio Vanini]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Lawrence of Brindisi]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Marko Krizin]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Sur Singh]]
thumb|right|110px|[[Ludovico Carracci]]
January–March
- January 7 – Nicholas Hilliard, English miniature painter (b. c. 1547)
- January 11 – Diane de France, Duchess of Angoulême (b. 1538)
- January 15 – Thomas Clinton, 3rd Earl of Lincoln, English politician (b. 1568)
- January 20 – Éléonore de Bourbon, Dutch princess (b. 1587)
- February 3 – Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, English conspirator (b. 1564)
- February 9 – Lucilio Vanini, Italian philosopher (b. 1585)
- February 12 – Pierre de Larivey, Italian-born French dramatist (b. 1549)
- February 16 – William Couper, Scottish bishop of Galloway (b. 1568)
- March 2
- William Cooke, English politician (b. 1572)
- Anne of Denmark, Queen of James I of England (b. 1574)
- March 5 – Demeter Naprágyi, Hungarian Catholic archbishop (b. 1564)
- March 13 – Richard Burbage, English actor (b. c. 1567)
- March 15
- Michael Balfour, 1st Lord Balfour of Burleigh, Scottish nobleman
- Orsolya Dersffy, Hungarian noble (b. 1583)
- March 18 – Chō Tsuratatsu, Japanese samurai (b. 1546)
- March 20
- Ippolito Galantini, founder of the Congregation of Christian Doctrine of Florence (b. 1565)
- Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor, Austrian Habsburg ruler (b. 1557)
April–June
- April 5 – Alexander Home, 1st Earl of Home, Scottish nobleman (b. 1566)
- April 10 – Thomas Jones, Anglican Archbishop of Dublin (b. c. 1550)
- April 16 – Denis Calvaert, Flemish painter (b. 1540)
- April 18 – Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani, Mughal empress (b. 1573)
- April/May – William Larkin, English court portrait painter (b. early 1580s)
- May – John Overall, English bishop (b. 1559)
- May 13 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch statesman (b. 1547)
- May 21 – Hieronymus Fabricius, Italian anatomist (b. 1537)
- May 23 – Stephen Soame, Lord Mayor of London (b. 1540)
- June 18 – Martin Fréminet, French painter (b. 1567)
July–September
- July 2 – Francis II, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg (1586–1619) (b. 1547)
- July 22 – Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian saint (b. 1559)
- July 24 – Nabeshima Naoshige, Japanese samurai (b. 1537)
- August 3 – Dorothy Percy, Countess of Northumberland, younger daughter of Walter Devereux (b. c. 1564)
- August 19
- Thomas Dale, English colonial governor (b. 1570)
- Jørgen Lunge, Danish politician (b. 1577)
- August 29 – Ferdinando Taverna, Italian Catholic cardinal (b. 1558)
- August 30 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1535)
- September – Hans Lippershey, Dutch lensmaker (b. 1570)
- September 3 – John Gordon, Scottish bishop (b. 1544)
- September 7
- Marko Krizin, Croatian Catholic priest (martyred) (b. 1585)
- Stephen Pongracz, Hungarian saint (b. 1584)
- Sur Singh, ruler of Marwar (b. 1571)
October–December
- October
- Robert Peake the Elder, English court portrait painter (b. c. 1551)
- Nicholas Yonge, English singer and publisher (b. c. 1560)
- October 9 – Joseph Pardo, Italian rabbi and merchant (b. c. 1561)
- October 14 – Samuel Daniel, English poet (b. 1562)
- October 18 – Petrus Gudelinus, Belgian jurist (b. 1550)
- October 19 – Fujiwara Seika, Japanese philosopher (b. 1561)
- November 13 – Ludovico Carracci, Italian painter (b. 1555)
- December 23 – John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg from the House of Hohenzollern (b. 1572)
- December 29
- Antoine Arnauld, French lawyer (b. 1560)
- Prince Jeongwon, Korean prince (b. 1580)
Date unknown
- Bagrat VII of Kartli (b. 1569)
- François d'Amboise, French jurist and writer (b. 1550)
- Thomas Stephens, English Jesuit missionary in Portuguese India (b. c. 1549)
- Caterina Vitale, Maltese pharmacist (b. 1566)